Propaganda Essays - Nazi Germany, Politics Of Germany, Germany

Propaganda Though propaganda has never been a substitute for military strength, extensive resources, or skillful negotiation, it has often played an important role in wartime strategy.(Propaganda,1) Propaganda really influnced both sides of World War II. In this paper I will show why the Nazi party best benifited from the use of prapaganda. Adolf Hilter use it to turn people against jews, blacks and about every one else that was not German and he also use it to make people want to join Nazi army. Franklin Roosvelt or F.D.R also use the science of propaganda to turn people against Germany, Italy and Japan. Hitler had first become aware of propaganda and its uses before the First World War. During the war he saw the effect of British propaganda on the soldiers of the Centeral Powers. Later on after the war Hitler wrote a book called Mein Kampf ( My Struggle), he devoted two whole chapters to study and practice of propaganda. He once said, ?The psyche of the masses, he wrote. ?is not receptive to anything that is weak. They are like a woman, whose psychic state determined less by abstract reason than by an emotional longing for a strong force will complement her nature. Likewise, the masses love a commander, and despise a petitioner.(Propaganda,12) After many speeches and papers he wrote on prapaganda he became a political power and became the leader of the party. By know Hitler was to busy to devote much time to propaganda. He knew that prapaganda required a full time expert. In Joseph Goebbels he found his man. Goebbels was to become one of history?s greastest political propagandists. Hitler met him in 1926 and loving his power of persuasion, made him the head of the party of propaganda department. Gobbels had studied the methods by the Fascists in Italy to create the image of Mussolini and he applied them to Hitler. He knew to impress the masses, the modern dictator must be a superman and a man of the people, wise yet simple. Gobbles wrote, ?approach him with confidence, because they feel he is their friend and protector. He discribe Hitler as an artist, an architect and a painter, who had left all that behind to help the German people in their darkest hour. Goebbels made great use of the mass demonstrations which became regular feature of Nazi Germany after Hitler?s rise to power. Emotional manipulation, he found was must effective at these great gatherings. The demonstrations generally took place at night after 8 p.m, when peoples resistance was at its lowest and when there minds where open to persuasion. Goebbels? propaganda ministry had complete control of the press, radio, theater, cinema, the creative arts, music, wrighting, art exhibitions. When every book people read, every newspaper, every film they see, every brodcast, then they no longer wher able to understand what the saw and hear and then they lost ther judgment.(Propaganda,18) Goebbels openly admitted that propaganda had little to do with the truth. He was careful not to tell whole li es, he was master of telling the half truth. In cinema Goebbel had real closeness he use it a lot in propagandist styles. He was quick to realize that this new art form form could reach a wider audience than books or theater. The thinking of thousands of adult men and women all cooped up in the dark, straing at same image on the silver screen was unthinkable. Thanks to the goverment movie attendence quadrupled in the a ten-year period. Goebbels took a personal intrest in all the films made during th Third Reich, and often directed many of them. The best known films of the nazi period are Triumph of the Will, a documentery about 1936 Olympic games in Berlin. The Olympic games gave Nazi the power to push there propagandist views and foriegn countries. At Berlin in 1936, during the sixteen days of the games, 2,500 reports were broadcaste in 28 languages by German and foriegn reporters.(WWII Through German Eyes, 48) When these people came to Berlin all anti-Semtic regulations, such as ? Jews not admitted, were removed from hotels and resturants. Goebbels? propagandist found that youths where very is to persuade. With appeal to there

Pros and Cons of Compulsory Voting

Pros and Cons of Compulsory Voting Over 20 countries have some form of compulsory voting which requires citizens to register to vote and to go to their polling place or vote on election day. With secret ballots, its not really possible to prove who has or has not voted, so this process could be more accurately called compulsory turnout because voters are required to show up at their polling place on election day. Facts About Compulsory Voting One of the most well-known compulsory voting systems is in Australia. All Australian citizens over the age of 18 (except those of unsound mind or those convicted of serious crimes) must be registered to vote and show up at their polling place on election day. Australians who do not show up are subject to fines, although those who were ill or otherwise incapable of voting on election day can have their fines waived. Compulsory voting in Australia was adopted in the state of Queensland in 1915 and subsequently adopted nationwide in 1924. With Australias compulsory voting system comes additional flexibility for the voter. Elections are held on Saturdays, absent voters can vote in any state polling place, and voters in remote areas can vote before an election at pre-poll voting centers or via mail. Voter turnout of those registered to vote in Australia was as low as 47 percent prior to the 1924 compulsory voting law. In the decades since 1924, voter turnout has hovered around 94 to 96 percent. In 1924, Australian officials felt that compulsory voting would eliminate voter apathy. However, compulsory voting now has its detractors. The Australian Electoral Commission provides some arguments in favor and against compulsory voting. Arguments in Favor Voting is a civic duty comparable to other duties citizens perform (e.g. taxation, compulsory education, or jury duty).Parliament reflects more accurately the will of the electorate.Governments must consider the total electorate in policy formulation and management.Candidates can concentrate their campaigning energies on issues, rather than encouraging voters to attend the poll.The voter isnt actually compelled to vote for anyone because voting is by secret ballot. Arguments Used Against Compulsory Voting Some suggest that it is undemocratic to force people to vote and is an infringement of liberty.The ignorant and those with little interest in politics are forced to the polls.It may increase the number of donkey votes (votes for a random candidate by people who feel that they are required to vote by law).It may increase the number of informal votes (ballot papers which are not marked according to the rules for voting).Resources must be allocated to determine whether those who failed to vote have valid and sufficient reasons. Source Compulsory Voting. Australian Electoral Commission, May 18, 2011.

War of the Worlds Radio Broadcast Causes Panic

War of the Worlds Radio Broadcast Causes Panic On Sunday, October 30, 1938, millions of radio listeners were shocked when radio news alerts announced the arrival of Martians. They panicked when they learned of the Martians ferocious and seemingly unstoppable attack on Earth. Many ran out of their homes screaming while others packed up their cars and fled. Though what the radio listeners heard was a portion of Orson Welles adaptation of the well-known book, War of the Worlds by H. G. Wells, many of the listeners believed what they heard on the radio was real. The Idea Before the era of T.V., people sat in front of their radios and listened to music, news reports, plays and various other programs for entertainment. In 1938, the most popular radio program was the ​Chase and Sanborn Hour, which aired on Sunday evenings at 8 p.m. The star of the show was ventriloquist ​Edgar Bergen and his dummy, Charlie McCarthy. Unfortunately for the Mercury group, headed by dramatist Orson Welles, their show, Mercury Theatre on the Air, aired on another station at the very same time as the popular Chase and Sanborn Hour. Welles, of course, tried to think of ways to increase his audience, hoping to take away listeners from the Chase and Sanborn Hour. For the Mercury groups Halloween show that was to air on October 30, 1938, Welles decided to adapt H. G. Wellss well-known novel, War of the Worlds, to radio. Radio adaptations and plays up to this point had often seemed rudimentary and awkward. Instead of lots of pages as in a book or through visual and auditory presentations as in a play, radio programs could only be heard (not seen) and were limited to a short period of time (often an hour, including commercials). Thus, Orson Welles had one of his writers, Howard Koch, rewrite the story of War of the Worlds. With multiple revisions by Welles, the script transformed the novel into a radio play. Besides shortening the story, they also updated it by changing the location and time from Victorian England to present day New England. These changes reinvigorated the story, making it more personal for the listeners. The Broadcast Begins On Sunday, October 30, 1938, at 8 p.m., the broadcast began when an announcer came on the air and said, The Columbia Broadcasting System and its affiliated stations present Orson Welles and the Mercury Theatre on the Air in The War of the Worlds by H. G. Wells. Orson Welles then went on air as himself, setting the scene of the play: We know now that in the early years of the twentieth century this world was being watched closely by intelligences greater than mans and yet as mortal as his own... As Orson Welles finished his introduction, a weather report faded in, stating that it came from the Government Weather Bureau. The official-sounding weather report was quickly followed by the music of Ramon Raquello and his orchestra from the Meridian Room in the Hotel Park Plaza in downtown New York. The broadcast was all done from the studio, but the script led people to believe that there were announcers, orchestras, newscasters and scientists on the air from a variety of locations. Interview With an Astronomer The dance music was soon interrupted by a special bulletin announcing that a professor at the Mount Jennings Observatory in Chicago, Illinois reported seeing explosions on Mars. The dance music resumed until it was interrupted again, this time by a news update in the form of an interview with an astronomer, Professor Richard Pierson at the Princeton Observatory in Princeton, New Jersey. The script specifically attempts to make the interview sound real and occurring right at that moment. Near the beginning of the interview, the newsman, Carl Phillips, tells the listeners that Professor Pierson may be interrupted by telephone or other communications. During this period he is in constant touch with the astronomical centers of the world . . . Professor, may I begin your questions? During the interview, Phillips tells the audience that Professor Pierson had just been handed a note, which was then shared with the audience. The note stated that a huge shock of almost earthquake intensity occurred near Princeton. Professor Pierson believes it might be a meteorite. A Meteorite Hits Grovers Mill Another news bulletin announces, It is reported that at 8:50 p.m. a huge, flaming object, believed to be a meteorite, fell on a farm in the neighborhood of Grovers Mill, New Jersey, twenty-two miles from Trenton. Carl Phillips begins reporting from the scene at Grovers Mill. (No one listening to the program questions the very short time that it took Phillips to reach Grovers Mill from the observatory. The music interludes seem longer than they are and confuse the audience as to how much time has passed.) The meteor turns out to be a 30-yard wide metal cylinder that is making a hissing sound. Then the top began to rotate like a screw. Then Carl Phillips reported what he witnessed: Ladies and gentlemen, this is the most terrifying thing I have ever witnessed. . . . Wait a minute! Someones crawling. Someone or . . . something. I can see peering out of that black hole two luminous disks . . . are they eyes? It might be a face. It might be . . . good heavens, somethings wriggling out of the shadow like a gray snake. Now its another one, and another one, and another one. They look like tentacles to me. There, I can see the things body. Its large as a bear and it glistens like wet leather. But that face, it . . . ladies and gentlemen, its indescribable. I can hardly force myself to keep looking at it, its so awful. The eyes are black and gleam like a serpent. The mouth is kind of V-shaped with saliva dripping from its rimless lips that seem to quiver and pulsate. The Invaders Attack Carl Phillips continued to describe what he saw. Then, the invaders took out a weapon. A humped shape is rising out of the pit. I can make out a small beam of light against a mirror. Whats that? Theres a jet of flame springing from the mirror, and it leaps right at the advancing men. It strikes them head on! Good Lord, theyre turning into flame! Now the whole fields caught fire. The woods . . . the barns . . . the gas tanks of automobiles . . its spreading everywhere. Its coming this way. About twenty yards to my right... Then silence. A few minutes later, an announcer interrupts, Ladies and gentlemen, I have just been handed a message that came in from Grovers Mill by telephone. Just one moment please. At least forty people, including six state troopers, lie dead in a field east of the village of Grovers Mill, their bodies burned and distorted beyond all possible recognition. The audience is stunned by this news. But the situation soon gets worse. They are told that the state militia is mobilizing, with seven thousand men, and surrounding the metal object. They, too, are soon obliterated by the heat ray. The President Speaks The Secretary of the Interior, who sounds like President Franklin Roosevelt (purposely), addresses the nation. Citizens of the nation: I shall not try to conceal the gravity of the situation that confronts the country, nor the concern of your government in protecting the lives and property of its people. . . . we must continue the performance of our duties each and every one of us, so that we may confront this destructive adversary with a nation united, courageous, and consecrated to the preservation of human supremacy on this earth. The radio reports that the U.S. Army is engaged. The announcer declared that New York City is being evacuated. The program continues, but many radio listeners are already panicked. The Panic Though the program began with the announcement that it was a story based on a novel and there were several announcements during the program that reiterated that this was just a story, many listeners didnt tune in long enough to hear them. A lot of the radio listeners had been intently listening to their favorite program the Chase and Sanborn Hour and turned the dial, like they did every Sunday, during the musical section of the Chase and Sanborn Hour around 8:12. Usually, listeners turned back to the Chase and Sanborn Hour when they thought the musical section of the program was over. However, on this particular evening, they were shocked to hear another station carrying news alerts warning of an invasion of Martians attacking Earth. Not hearing the introduction of the play and listening to the authoritative and real sounding commentary and interviews, many believed it to be real. All across the United States, listeners reacted. Thousands of people called radio stations, police and newspapers.  Many in the New England  area loaded up their cars and fled their homes. In other areas, people went to churches to pray. People improvised gas masks. Miscarriages and early births were reported. Deaths, too, were reported but never confirmed. Many people were hysterical. They thought the end was near. People Are Angry That It Was Fake Hours after the program had ended and listeners had realized that the Martian invasion was not real, the public was outraged that Orson Welles had tried to fool them. Many people sued. Others wondered if Welles had caused the panic on purpose. The power of radio had fooled the listeners. They had become accustomed to believing everything they heard on the radio, without questioning it. Now they had learned - the hard way.

Management of water of international rivers in the context of the Essay

Management of water of international rivers in the context of the international law - Essay Example d by the international law 39 3.2.2 Tigris and Euphrates rivers and international law 3.2.2.1 Historical development of the conflict on the management of water of Tigris/ Euphrates 40 3.2.2.2 Causes of the conflict 41 3.2.2.3 Response of the international community 43 3.2.2.4 The solution provided in the context of international law 44 3.2.2.5 Challenges related with the application of international law in the specific case 47 3.2.2.6 Critical analysis of the appropriateness and the effectiveness of the solution provided by the international law 48 3.2.3 Discussion on findings 50 Chapter F... As a result of the increased use of water, there have been serious damages to the environment. For example many rivers are receding, half of the global wetlands have been eroded and freshwater fish have virtually become endangered species.1 It is hardly surprising that in more recent times there has a been heightened awareness that the world expects to confront a water crisis.2 These developments over the last century have transferred over to state development of water conservation strategies that require a balancing of two conflicting interests: the significance of water for human existence and need to protect the earth’s natural resources. However, in order for the world’s natural resources to be effectively conserved, national laws, practices and policies require some form of harmony with one another. This is particularly so in the case of waterways which not only adjourn different international borders but are frequently traversed and used by many nationals. For thi s reason there have been attempts to harmonize national legal and policy strategies for the conservation of waterways at international law. In this regard, the management of international rivers is a particularly acute concern. The UN Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses 1997 (hereinafter the Convention) has set the criteria by which the management of water worldwide should be based.3 Although national laws apply to the management of international rivers, those national laws are required to coincide with the criteria established by the Convention. In other words as a standard setting international legal instrument, the Convention should prevail over national laws of contracting states. However, this kind of expected

Analyse the way women are treated in Candide. Are gender roles an Essay

Analyse the way women are treated in Candide. Are gender roles an object of satire for Volataire, and if so, what problems andor solutions did he identify - Essay Example Cunegonde is the female protagonist of the novel and she is described as "aged seventeen, was rosy-cheeked, fresh, plump and tempting", in the beginning of the novel. This itself sets pace for and acts as a revelation of Voltaire's satirical take on the mere 'objectification' of women. Further, Candide falls in love with her, owing to her good looks. For this, he is banished from the house of the Baron. Later, Cunegonde falls prey to the exploitation of Bulgar soldiers. As the novel progresses, we find that Cunegonde is constantly being shipped to Constantinople or is made a slave and exploited. The author recurrently brings to our notice that men were a superior clan, while women were merely their counterparts, who had no prominent role or more meaning to their lives apart from succumbing to the carnal desires of the superior males. This gender pattern was a great source of ridicule for many authors and Voltaire certainly does highlight this societal pattern and ridicules it in his satirical novel. In the process of satirising the objectification of women, Voltaire does come to a conclusion regarding the same. He puts forth two exemplary characters; that of Candide and Cunegonde.

Airline Safety :: Free Essay Writer

Airline Safety What Should the Regulations be Regarding Airline Safety? Introduction It was early in the morning, warm & sunny. We had the day off from school for some reason, but I can't remember why. I was riding my bike in the street with my friend, Mike, about 4 blocks from my home in the North Park area of San Diego when I heard a faint blast, looked up and saw a jetliner falling out of the sky on fire. I can't remember thinking anything except "It's going to hit my house". Then I realized there were probably a lot of people on the plane, and was immediately so scared I began to cry. Then I didn't hear anything until the plane hit the ground. Watching that plane on impact is a sensation I hope I never have to relive again. The aircraft was diving at a steep angle and one wing was on fire, with flames shooting everywhere. I remember the plane disappearing behind some tall trees and then feeling the ground shake like an earthquake, and the deafening roar of the impact and following explosion. It was an absolute nightmare. It seemed like the entire neighborhoo d was on fire. The TV stations & news reporters were converging on the scene in what seemed like only a matter of minutes, but must've been at least half an hour. I think I just stood there talking to people for the longest time, but I don't remember anything they said. There were only distant sirens. In a short period of time the police and several residents had blocked off the streets to traffic, and I remember hearing people screaming in the background, and others yelling to get help. I also remember the trees being on fire and this incredible column of black smoke rising into the clear air, and the smell of jet fuel burning. All these people - some Firefighters, some Police Officers, and some ordinary people - were carrying injured people and passengers into the private school across the street. I didn't know then, but some of them were dead. I remember how weird it was that the freeway traffic was completely stopped on I-805, which was only a block from the impact site, and it was eerily quiet except for the distant chaos. My friend Mike disappeared. I found out he was okay, but he had gotten scared.

Reconstruction Dbq Apush Essay

The era from 1860 to 1877 was a time of reconstruction and revolution in America. Many constitutional developments aided the reform movement, such as the ratification of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments, which granted African Americans voting and civil rights. Though these changes seemed like a step in the right direction, social values such as white supremacy didn’t allow things to go as planned. Despite the fact that African Americans were granted rights on paper, they still weren’t treated equally. Actions of violence from the Ku Klux Klan threatened African Americans. Although slavery was considered abolished, people became partially enslaves due to the Mississippi Black Codes and sharecropping. During reconstruction there were many changes within the laws that granted African Americans rights that they hadn’t previously had. In 1865, many American citizens of African descent claimed that if they were able to be drafted, then they should have the right to vote as well (Doc. C). Soon after, the Civil Rights Act of 1866 provided citizenship to all former slaves and gave them equal rights, equal adherence to laws and rights to protect property. This was by far one of the most revolutionary transitions for slaves because it was a change in legislation (Doc. F). Furthermore, the addition of three new amendments also tremendously changed the lives of African Americans. The 13th amendment abolished slavery, the 14th amendment granted black people citizenship and equal protection of the laws, and the 15th amendment presented universal suffrage. The first black man was reported voting on November 16, 1867 (Doc. G). In addition, the Force Act of 1870 also helped to reinforce the idea that former slaves were to be treated with respect. Anyone who acted against them, specifically forbidding African Americans to vote by threatening them, would be seen as guilty of felony. The Second Force Act of 1871 was a reiteration of the first act, but it expanded further than just voting rights, and anyone who violated the constitutional rights would be found guilty of a high crime. This act was mainly used to stop the actions of the Ku Klux Klan. Although all of the reinforcements were made to help African Americans, there were still many  issues and disagreements upon the viewpoints of the American people. The point of reconstruction was aimed at helping to preserve the Union. Staying united as a nation was the only way to go about the situation (Doc. B). If all the states separated, more problems would arise as there would be more tension among them. This being so, the union didn’t want to do anything that might cause the south to secede from the nation. They wanted to keep a balance between different areas of the nation. They had satisfied the North by abolishing slavery, but this upset the south as they lost their main source of labor. To deal with this issue, the federal government stated that they had no motive to dictate the matter of suffrage in any state because they didn’t want to upset the south any more, worried that they might secede (Doc. D). A couple years later, the ratification of three new amendments would change that, but at the time being the government didn’t want to risk anything. Discrimination against African Americans was still very big issue in America. The installment of the Mississippi Black Codes created situations very similar to slavery. If someone was under eighteen years old, they would be put into apprentice ship where they would be under the title of a master. They could be persecuted or recaptured if they tried to run away. In addition, freed slaves who didn’t find a job within the year would be fined, and if they couldn’t afford to pay the fine they would be â€Å"lent† to those who could pay the fine. Another issue that came up was that the government didn’t carry out the promise that freed slaves that they would be able to purchase homesteads. Many former slaves argued that they are free men and deserve to have the same rights as anyone else (Doc. E). Since a lot of former slaves were vagrants and couldn’t afford a homestead, they would follow the system of sharecropping. Tenants would use the landowner’s land to plant crops, and they would pay the owner by giving them a share of the crops. This often became a cycle where the tenant would continuously be in debt, not allowing them to leave the land, almost making them slaves in a certain aspect. Following the Black Codes, the initiation of Jim Crow Laws created segregation between black people and white people. Each race had their own separate facilities and they were not allowed to share or combine  them. There was separation in simple things such as water fountains and restrooms, to more intricate things such as federal workplaces and the US military. As well as segregation between the blacks and whites, there were also acts of violence from groups such as the Ku Klux Klan towards the African Americans. Although, the government did take action against members of the KKK, their actions were still brutal (Doc. H). A political cartoon by Thomas Nast that appeared in Harper’s Weekly on October 24, 1874 shows how the abuse from the KKK was considered to be worse than slavery (Doc. I). Reconstruction was a time of revolution to a certain extent in terms of constitutional developments. The Civil Rights Act, the ratification of three new amendments, and the enforcement of the Force Acts all helped to give African Americans the equality that they deserved and protect them from potential harm. But in a social manner, African Americans weren’t treated as equals and were looked down upon. Instillations of the Black Codes and sharecropping put the recently freed slaves back in almost the same position as they were just recently. Jim Crow Laws created segregation between the two races, separating them with any given opportunity. Groups such as the KKK practiced acts of violence against the black people, seeing them as inferior. So although the ideas of reconstruction were revolutionary, the actions that followed them backfired the plan.